module
43
The course names keys the way the Einstein does: ENTER, DELETE, ESC, BREAK, GRPH, F0, CONTROL. Where that key is depends on what you are sitting at.
Press the key with that name on it. CONTROL and SHIFT are held down while you press the other key.
MAME lays the Einstein's keys over yours by position, so the key in the same place on your keyboard is the Einstein's key, whatever your keycap says.
| Einstein | In MAME |
|---|---|
| ENTER | Return |
| DELETE | Backspace |
| CONTROL | Ctrl (the left one) |
| ESC, SHIFT, CAPS LOCK | the key of the same name |
| the horizontal cursor key | Tab; Shift and Tab for left |
| the vertical cursor key | the Down arrow; Shift and Down for up |
| BREAK | left Option (left Alt) - but it does nothing under the emulator |
| GRPH | F8 |
| F0 to F7 | F1 to F8 |
MAME has keys of its own - Escape to quit, F3 to reset - and starts with them switched off, so that those keys reach the Einstein. Forward delete (Fn and Backspace on a Mac laptop) switches them on and off. If Escape ever closes MAME, that is what has happened.
| To type | Press | Drawn on screen as |
|---|---|---|
' | SHIFT and 7 | ' |
" | SHIFT and 2 | " |
; + | the ; + key, plain and shifted | ; + |
: * | the : * key, plain and shifted (in MAME: the ' key) | : * |
= | the = key | = |
- (minus) | SHIFT and = | - |
_ | the key marked - | _ |
` | SHIFT and the key marked - | a pound sign |
( ) | SHIFT and 8, SHIFT and 9 | ( ) |
< > | SHIFT and ,, SHIFT and . | < > |
@ | SHIFT and 0 | @ |
[ ] | the ← and → keys (in MAME: Left and Right) | a left arrow, a right arrow |
{ } | SHIFT with ← and → | a quarter, three quarters |
^ | the ↑ key (in MAME: Up) | an up arrow |
~ | SHIFT with ↑ | a division sign |
| | the ½ key (in MAME: the \ key) | a double bar |
\ | SHIFT with the ½ key | a half |
CAPS LOCK is on when the Einstein starts. Press it once for small letters.
The Einstein does not have four arrow keys. It has two grey cursor keys, side by side at the right-hand end of the QWERTY row, each marked with a double-headed arrow:
| Key | On its own | With SHIFT |
|---|---|---|
| the horizontal cursor key | cursor right | cursor left |
| the vertical cursor key | cursor down | cursor up |
Three other keys have a single arrow printed on them, but they are ordinary character keys, and the arrow is the character they type: the Einstein draws [ as a left arrow, ] as a right arrow and ^ as an up arrow.
| Key | Where it is | Types | With SHIFT |
|---|---|---|---|
| ← (marked ¼ and ←) | end of the QWERTY row, next to the cursor keys | [ | { |
| → (marked ¾ and →) | end of the ASDF row, next to ENTER | ] | } |
| ↑ (marked ÷ and ↑) | the number row, between = and ½ | ^ | ~ |
In MAME the two cursor keys are on your Tab key and your Down arrow: Tab is right, Shift and Tab is left, Down is down, and Shift and Down is up. Your Left, Right and Up arrows are the three character keys: Left types [, Right types ] and Up types ^. That is why MAME users so often report that the Einstein's arrow keys type brackets and do not move the cursor. The keys under those three arrows are not the cursor keys.
In Turbo's editor the horizontal cursor key is CTRL-D, and with SHIFT CTRL-H: one place right or left. The vertical key does nothing visible, and with SHIFT it is CTRL-K, the start of a two-key command: SHIFT and the vertical key, then D, leaves the editor. The diamond (S5) is the way to move. While a program is asking a question, SHIFT and the horizontal key rubs out the last character (S11).
Tatung's own manual describes the two cursor keys and the keyboard this way, and MAME's Einstein agrees with it. What the keys do in Turbo Pascal was checked in MAME, not on a real Einstein. If you have one and it behaves differently, please let us know and this page will be corrected.
| Key | Does |
|---|---|
W | Work file: name the program you are working on |
E | Edit it |
R | Run it - compiling it first |
S | Save it |
D | Dir: list the disc. ENTER for everything, or a mask such as *.INC |
Q | Quit to 0:, offering to save first if you need to |
C | Compile, without running (S37) |
O | Options; in it, C compiles to a .COM file from then on, Q goes back (S6, S37) |
M | Main file: the program C compiles, whatever the work file is (S38) |
| SPACE | Draw the menu again |
Capital or small letters, and no ENTER after them.
| Keys | Does |
|---|---|
| DELETE | Rub out the character before the cursor |
| CTRL-S | Cursor one character left |
| CTRL-D | Cursor one character right |
| CTRL-X | Cursor down a line |
| ENTER | End the line; with auto-indent on, the next starts under the one before |
| CTRL-Q CTRL-I | Auto-indent off (Indent leaves the status line) |
| CTRL-K CTRL-D | Leave the editor, keeping your text |
The horizontal cursor key moves right and, with SHIFT, left: it sends the same codes as CTRL-D and CTRL-H, and CTRL-H moves left just as CTRL-S does. The vertical cursor key does nothing visible, and with SHIFT it is taken as the CTRL-K prefix, so SHIFT and the vertical key followed by D leaves the editor. The three keys marked with single arrows type [ ] ^ (The Cursor Keys, above).
The rest, from S5:
| Keys | Does |
|---|---|
| CTRL-E | Cursor up a line |
| CTRL-A, CTRL-F | A word left, a word right |
| CTRL-R, CTRL-C | A screen up, a screen down |
| CTRL-W, CTRL-Z | Move the text down or up a line on screen |
| CTRL-Q CTRL-S, CTRL-Q CTRL-D | Start, end of the line |
| CTRL-Q CTRL-R, CTRL-Q CTRL-C | Top, end of the program |
| CTRL-Q CTRL-E, CTRL-Q CTRL-X | Top, bottom of the screen |
| CTRL-Q CTRL-P | Back to where you were |
| CTRL-G | Delete the character under the cursor |
| CTRL-T | Delete the word to the right |
| CTRL-Q CTRL-Y | Delete to the end of the line |
CONTROL and - | Delete the whole line (in MAME: Ctrl and -) |
| CTRL-Q CTRL-L | Restore the line you are on, as it was |
| CTRL-V | Insert / Overwrite |
| CTRL-N | Split the line at the cursor, cursor staying put |
| CTRL-Q CTRL-F | Find; CTRL-L finds the next |
| CTRL-Q CTRL-A | Find and replace; options U ignore capitals, GN all without asking |
| CTRL-K CTRL-B, CTRL-K CTRL-K | Mark the start and end of a block (not shown on screen) |
| CTRL-K CTRL-C, CTRL-K CTRL-V, CTRL-K CTRL-Y | Copy, move, delete the block |
| CTRL-K CTRL-R | Read a file into the text at the cursor: it asks Read block from file: - give the name without .PAS (S28) |
After ENTER or a CTRL-K command, give the editor a moment: a key pressed in the first second or so can be lost.
| Keys | Does |
|---|---|
| CTRL-H, or SHIFT and the horizontal cursor key | Rubs out the last character of an answer you are typing (DELETE does nothing here) |
| CTRL-X | Clears the whole answer |
| CTRL-C | Stops a program that is waiting for you to type. Stops a running loop only if the program starts with {$U+} |
| ESC | After a compile error: back to the editor, with the cursor at the mistake |
