Module | TatungBytes

Introduction

Each time the worker in Warehouse tries to move, the program has to ask what is in the square ahead. Floor or a goal? Walk in. A crate, on a goal or not? Try to push it. Anything else? Stay put. Written with = and or, those questions get long. Pascal has a neater way to ask "is this one of these?" - the set.

A Set

A set is written as values in square brackets:

[Floor, Goal]

and in asks whether a value is one of them:

if T in [Floor, Goal] then
  Writeln('walk in');

That says exactly what (T = Floor) or (T = Goal) says, in half the space, and it goes on reading well with five values or twenty.

A set can hold ranges too: ['0'..'9'] is the ten digit characters, and [1, 3..6, 9] is 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9. [] is the empty set, with nothing in it.

On the Einstein's screen the square brackets are drawn as arrows, and typed with the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys (S3).

Set Variables

A set can be kept in a variable. Its type is set of the kind of value it holds:

type
  Tile = (Wall, Floor, Goal, Crate,
          CrateOnGoal);
  TileSet = set of Tile;
var
  Free, Crates: TileSet;
...
Free := [Floor, Goal];
Crates := [Crate, CrateOnGoal];

and then if Next in Free then reads like the rule of the game.

The values in a set must be of a type with no more than 256 of them, numbered from 0 to 255 - an enumerated type, Char, Byte, or a subrange such as 0..100. set of Integer is too big: Error 70: Set base type out of range.

Like enumerated values, a set cannot be printed (Error 66).

Combining Sets

Operator	Gives	Example
`+`	everything in either	`Free + Crates` holds all four
`*`	only what is in both	`[1..6] * [4..9]` is `[4, 5, 6]`
`-`	the first without the second	`Free - [Goal]` is `[Floor]`
`=`	true if exactly the same	`Free * Crates = []` is true: nothing in both
`<=`	true if everything in the first is in the second	`[Floor] <= Free` is true

Characters

Sets of characters are the easy way to sort out what someone typed:

if Ch in ['0'..'9'] then
  Writeln('a digit');
if UpCase(Ch) in
   ['A', 'E', 'I', 'O', 'U'] then ...

The Code

program CanMove;
type
  Tile = (Wall, Floor, Goal, Crate,
          CrateOnGoal);
var
  T: Tile;
begin
  for T := Wall to CrateOnGoal do
  begin
    Write(Ord(T), ': ');
    if T in [Floor, Goal] then
      Writeln('walk in')
    else if T in [Crate,
                  CrateOnGoal] then
      Writeln('push')
    else
      Writeln('blocked');
  end;
end.

Starting from

Turbo freshly started, Y, a new work file called CANMOVE.

What you should see

0: blocked
1: walk in
2: walk in
3: push
4: push

Tiles 0 to 4 are Wall, Floor, Goal, Crate and CrateOnGoal.

Change One Thing

Take Goal out of [Floor, Goal]. What happens to tile 2?
Change T in [Floor, Goal] to (T = Floor) or (T = Goal). Does anything change?
Add a set variable Free of set of Tile, set it to [Floor, Goal], and try to Writeln(Free). What does Turbo say?

Exercises

18.1 Ask for a word and count its vowels, using a set.

18.2 Ask for one character and say whether it is a digit.

18.3 Print the numbers from 1 to 10 that are in both [1..6] and [4..9], using *.

Worked solutions are in Appendix II.

When It Goes Wrong

Symptom	Cause
`Error 70: Set base type out of range`	A set of something with more than 256 values, or values past 255 - such as `set of Integer`.
`Error 66: I/O are not allowed`	Trying to print a set. Test its members with `in`.
A letter is not found in a set of letters	Capitals differ from small letters. `UpCase` it first, or put both in the set.

Summary

A set is written [a, b, c..d]; in tests whether a value is in it. set of T makes a set type, for types of at most 256 values. +, * and - combine sets; = and <= compare them. A set cannot be printed.

S19, Lists Of Things - arrays: many values under one name, and arrays of arrays - which is what a Warehouse board is.

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Sets